On natural resources management OF AREA
4.1 OPTIONS Management
Device management to cope with threats includes the device and biological
ecological, such as the rehabilitation of the area, habitat improvement, translokasi, catching species
exotic, disease control, etc.. Antropogenik threat can be managed through
zoning, regulations, enforcement of regulations, education, and economic development alternatives.
Decisions about where a suitable device should be based on a number of factors, including
ecological consequences, feasibility, opportunities for success, and cost. Decisions are often
can not be made alone, but require input from other sources, including
experts, Government District, and the local community. The management of TNK Options
including:
• Increased enforcement of the rules and cross-sectoral coordination
• The implementation of the program long-term biological monitoring
• Implementation of long-term monitoring program for the utilization of resources
• The implementation of zoning regulations and the device is clearly
• Improved management of tourism and management of income from tourism
• The compressor hookah and other types of equipment damage
• Development of a loan system that is easy for the fishermen was conducted to reduce
Dependence on the middleman
• effective dialogue between the groups or people associated with the particular problem
• Implementation of the exclusive rights for the region
• Protection pemijahan overall top place in the zone without harvesting
• Development of economic activities that are suitable and profitable
4.1.1. Co-management of the Local Government and Local Community
The relationship between protected areas, government agencies and local communities is a key factor for long-term conservation of natural resources and habitats in and around
area. In order for the government and local communities to become effective partners in pengelolaanbersama, need to give them information and skills necessary to
take decisions about environmental issues. Government and society need to get information and fully realize the impact of environmental events
involve them. To implement co-management approach, need structured
new structure. Stuktur terebut should include a Joint Board of Management, the Board of Tourism Together, the Board and a Stakeholder Society. Input from all stakeholders akan
obtained through the council-chamber is sercara formal.
Special attention should be given to the two districts (Bima and Manggarai) to ensure that all activities coordinated. System-management should be applied together with the local government is responsible for around cities, such as Labuan Bajo, Sape and Bima. City functions as the nearest station (gate towns) for the flow of visitors to National Park. They can be developed into tourist centers
own. Local government should give special attention to the development of the city, which must be in accordance with the overall development plan of the National Parks, especially if they wish to obtain optimum benefit from the national park visitors. 26
National Park Authority have various responsibilities and obligations. To
National Park management to ensure effective and efficient, may need to be
privatization certain functions, such as tourism management. This will help provide resources to implement all the required management activities and ensure a high level of professionalism.
Because the National Park includes components for land, sea and beach, is required
the involvement of many ministries and government institutions. In addition, the coordination of all related integration allows the management of land and sea ecosystems better.
Activities of the Department of Marine exploration, the Ministry of Finance, Ministry
Housing, the Environment Ministry, Regional Development Planning Department, Ministry of Home Affairs, Departeman Transportation Agency, Communications, TNI Angkatan Laut, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Governor of NTT, NTB Governor, Bupati Bima and Manggarai, all need to be coordinated with the Ministry of Forestry and Agriculture.
4.1.2. Management Adaptif
Maintenance of ecological systems and security for long-term sustainable utilization of species on
valuable and threatened economic development depends on the ability to provide a response
appropriate. The ability to provide the appropriate response depends on the availability of information.
Monitoring activities conducted in TNK to supply the data needed to
evaluate the effectiveness of management actions and to take steps
adaptation strategies or the management regulations. TNK need to implement a strategy
adaptive management that, with adjustments to the rules and steps
management based on the latest information from the field. Park resource management
National need for effective information about the distribution, size, composition and
trends in the development of species terestrial and water. The following disjoint
methods of collecting data suggested. Environment variables that
previously has not been measured regularly in the program to enter data
periodically. Although some data have been collected terestris, but still need structured procedure
terestris the data storage.
4.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION BIOLOGY
4.2.1 Animal Census Terestris
Transek census routes need to be made, and each transek measured with the meter, the correction
slope adjustment is necessary. Transek need to be made along approximately 2 km. Census
needs to be done separately for arboreal animals (Anakan Komodo) and land animals (Komodo dragons, deer,
wild buffalo, horses, wild pig, turtle and bird burn). The order of channels and the types of census must
made random. Census day should be started early after dawn and dusk census day started less
Animal density is calculated based on the total area disensus. Total area of disensus
is the number of surveys per line multiplied by the length and width of plot lines observed. Plot
observed varies according to species, and should be counted based on the average distance from the position
observation (the distance from the straight path to the animals) when the animal is seen or heard. 27
Index must be calculated for the measurement of trace. Comparison of data between years should be made to identify trends in population growth and composition. Data should
used for preparing the modification of the procedure.
4.2.2 Vegetation Monitoring
Plot-permanent plot vegetation need to be put on a different habitat types (mangrove forest, savanna, monsoon forest, cloud forest kuasi). Where possible all trees that have
breast diameter of 10 cm in need are identified and given a special identification number with the permanent label. Label aluminum nails with aluminum be small. Please ekolog professional assigned to draft plot, the size, shape, number, and
location, taking into account the level and diversity of an area of logistics and financial constraints. For statistical purposes, at least, need to plot the five prepared for each habitat type. Plot-plot should be monitored once a year to get a snapshot of the mortality rate, permudaan, and growth.
Distribution and size of the overall types of primary vegetation should be monitored every year. This can
conducted using Landsat or aerial photo, transek the air, or by running
habitat along the edge with a GPS. All data collected should include in
a GIS system for comparison from year to year. Savanna into forest succession,
especially, need to be monitored, because the prey species depends on the existence of the Komodo savanna.
4.2.3 Environmental Monitoring
Environmental factors directly mempengarahi levels and vegetation growth
of animals, and very influential in determining the distribution patterns and diversity. Climate should
monitored every day. Minimum and maximum temperature and humidity levels should be noted from
weather station placed in a different habitat (mangrove forest, savanna, forest
monsoon, a cloud forest kuasi) in Komodo and Rinca. Total rainfall measured in need of tools
rain gauge placed in the open. Quality of water (sea and fresh) should be measured
regularly. Simple chemical test device is provided for monitoring the need to outline
trend.
Overall environmental quality can be assessed from there / not there (one-zero sampling) indicator
simple round transek. These include humidity indicator (lumut, epifit, plants
Rambat or hang up) and the interference indicator (fallen trees, the former fell, waste or other antropogenik impressions), and soil and canopy closure, tree size, tree density, etc.. Quality is measured relative to other locations from the same habitat that has high quality. Comparisons can also be done between the years for one transek. Need to be ekolog
professionals to prepare environmental monitoring procedure.
4.2.4 Monitoring Coral Reefs
A coral reef monitoring program conducted at this time to provide information
on Temporal and spatial pattern of the status of coral reefs and coral reef rehabilitation in the
and outside the region, with a focus on changes in the percentage of coral reef
damaged. Coral reef surveys (in 185 locations, - see Gb. 7) is conducted every two years,
allows the mapping of the damage is due to destructive fishing and causes
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other. This information provides feedback about the influence of management actions and
rehabilitation of coral reefs. All sampling sites have coral reefs with a depth
between 4 to 12 meters. All locations surveyed in a manner snorkeling (4 m deep) and
the dive (as deep as 8 m and 12 m). Five observations made at each depth
and each observation lasted four minutes. After each swim four minutes,
observers estimated the percentage of records (size of minimum 5%) of the four habitat categories (total
100%).:
• live hard coral,
• die hard coral,
• soft coral,
• other (stones, sand, sponge, tunicata, alga, weeds, anemona, shells, etc.).
For each diving or snorkeling, the following information is recorded on standard data sheets
(UW): date, place the number, location (GPS), depth and the name of the observer. Schedule
collecting data at this time are 12 places per week, two (or more) weeks observation
coral reef per month, and at least 24 places are covered each month. Total survey
mermerlukan 8 to 9 months. For the 185, done about 2775 observations on the
status of coral reefs during the period of 2 years. Hard coral mortality coefficients are calculated
for each place.
The percentage of the average of all the habitat category and mortality coefficients average calculated for
the wider region, which have assumed different environmental conditions and the level
due to the impact of different fishing activities. The average is calculated with the entire area
using input from the average of all the dives each covering five
observation. For statistical analysis the average is ditransformasi arc-sine (%), and
Analysis variants used to calculate the statistical significance level of differences between time.
Based on the data, coral reef recovery is faster outside the National Park
than in the National Park. Overall impairment in the coral reef
TNK turns around and has stopped since 1996 and the restoration slowly (2%
per year for the closing of hard corals) has started. Most likely this is the result
from the sharp decline in activity using dynamite fishing in the area since this year
1996. Coral recovery was most rapid near the place where such activities
security, namely in the city of
more slowly in the National Park, especially in more remote places that are difficult to observe.
Potential management responses on the results of monitoring are:
• Revise zoning regulations and TNK, if required, reflecting the impact of activities
utilization of the coral reef and eliminate or reduce the damage
(for example, the allocation of a certain place for dive tourism, fishing fish, protection
, Or other tujuhan),
• adjustment program peratuan the allocation of enforcement effort is reviewed in terms of space and / or
time (the adjustment control routine) to protect areas at risk, and
• identification and location of the implementation of activities in places that require management
Active for the rehabilitation of coral reefs.
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